Property rights in conflict: wild berry-picking and the Nordic tradition of allemansrätt

Wild berries became a valuable export article in Sweden and Finland at the end of the nineteenth century. At the time, property rights over wild berries were not explicitly defined, and in both countries, proposals were made to subject the berries to the landowner. The proposals did not pass and wild berry-picking on another's land continued, as seen from today's perspective, to be available to everyone. This paper looks at the socioeconomic context of wild berry-picking, and asks whether the principle of allemansrätt – a Nordic tradition of public access to nature – played a role in why wild berries did not become private property. By focusing on the Finnish penal code debate of 1888 and the process of stabilising the property rights, the paper rejects the idea of continuity. It argues that (1) the traditional allemansrätt is debatable as a historical concept and shows how (2) the contingent political process created the conditions, and economic imagination the impetus, that wild berries were not privatised but turned into an open resource.     

A Case of Mistaken Identity? Measuring Rates of Improved Seed Adoption in Tanzania Using DNA Fingerprinting

Studies of improved seed adoption in developing countries are almost always based on household surveys and are premised on the assumption that farmers can accurately self-report their use of improved seed varieties. However, recent studies suggest that farmers’ reports of seed varieties planted, or even whether the seed is local or improved, are sometimes inconsistent with the DNA fingerprinting results of those crops. We use household survey data from Tanzania to test the alignment between farmer-reported and DNA-identified maize seed types planted. In the sample, 70% of maize seed observations are correctly reported as local or improved, while 16% are type I errors (falsely reported as improved) and 14% are type II errors (falsely reported as local). Type I errors are more likely to have been sourced from other farmers, rather than formal channels. An analysis of input use, including seed, fertiliser, and labour allocations, reveals that farmers tend to treat improved maize differently, depending on whether they correctly perceive it as improved. This suggests that errors in farmers’ seed type awareness may translate into suboptimal management practices. The average yield of seed that is correctly identified as improved is almost 700 kg per hectare greater than that of type I errors. This indicates that investments in farmers’ access to information, seed labelling, and seed system oversight are needed to complement investments in seed variety development.     

葵花籽中水分含量测定不确定度评定

依据《食品安全国家标准食品中水分的测定》(GB 5009.3-2016)中第一法测定葵花籽中的水分。根据方法计算公式建立相应的数学模型,对葵花籽中水分的来源进行全面、细致的分析,通过对影响葵花籽中水分测定结果的4个不确定度分量μA(x)、μ(m1)、μ(m2)、μ(m3)进行量化分析,最后在实验中得出所测定葵花籽水分含量为6.82g/100g时,其扩展不确定度为0.06g/100g(k=2),进而得到了影响合成不确定度最主要的因素为μA(x),进一步保证了检测结果的准确性和稳定性。     

良种基地的“公益林+”模式构建——以浙江姥山林木良种基地为例

传统意义上的林木良种基地所承担的功能是良种繁育和种质资源收集保存,是公益林的重要组成部分。林木良种的生态属性得以进一步发挥与延伸,需要走生态产业化的路子。建立与科普教育、林下经济、生态旅游以及公益性林木认养、文化研学相融合的"公益林+"创新模式,体现森林的综合价值,实现包括人与自然和谐相处在内的森林生态系统的良性循环。     

福建省肉桂良种化基地建设的探讨

本文对肉桂的在福建省的发展概况做了介绍,对发展肉桂有利与不利因素进行探讨,提出了福建省肉桂良种基地化建设的经营策略。     

响应面法优化碱性蛋白酶提取野生山核桃籽粕蛋白

为研究响应面法优化碱性蛋白酶提取野生山核桃籽粕蛋白质的工艺,在单因素试验的基础上考察了加酶量、pH值、提取温度和提取时间等条件对蛋白质提取率的影响。采用Box-Behnken Design试验设计,进行四因素三水平的中心组合试验,建立了蛋白质提取率与各主效因子的二次回归模型方程。结果表明,最佳提取条件为加酶量4．0％、pH12．0、温度47℃、提取时间2．0h。在此条件下,蛋白质提取率可达81．90％。     

柴达木枸杞籽油丸研究及产业化发展

以柴迭木枸杞的副产品——枸杞籽为原料,采用超声波辅助超临界CO2萃取技术、低温真空冻干技术、生物技术、油丸技术为一体生产柴达木枸杞籽油丸。将柴达木枸杞中有效成分提取出来,确保其纯天然、高浓度及高效的生理活性。通过国内外技术发展需求状况及企业现有基础,提出了项目研究目标与内容．并对该项目经济效益进行了分析。     

大竹巴山红香椿发展探讨

大竹县有500多年栽培巴山红香椿的历史。县政府联合林业部门积极的促进巴山红香椿的种植与推广，不仅仅改善了宣传推广形式，扩大了巴山红香椿的影响范围，用灵活的种植服务形式提高了农户的积极性，还通过科学规划，合理布局，对巴山红香椿的种苗质量进行严格把关，从总体上提高了造林成效。从大竹县促进巴山红香椿的实际入手，分析了大竹县红香椿经济发展现状，并对其在发展过程中所采取的策略进行了解读，提出再发展建议。     

The value of plant genetic diversity to resource-poor farmers in Nepal and Vietnam

Genetic resources for food and agriculture are the biological basis of world food and nutrition security; and they directly or indirectly support the livelihoods of over 2.5 billion people. Genetic diversity gives a species or a population the ability to adapt to changing environments. For resource-poor farmers, adaptive animal breeds, crop varieties and cultivars adapted to particular micro-niches, stresses or uses are the main resources available to maintain or increase production and provide a secure livelihood. The economic value of genetic diversity for productivity and yield traits is discussed in the literature. However, it is difficult to value many other aspects of agricultural biodiversity as these have both direct and indirect values in terms of qualitative traits such as food, nutrition and environmental uses that include adaptation to low input conditions, co-adaptive complexes, yield stability and the consequent reduction of risk, specific niche adaptation, and in meeting socio-cultural needs. Together, the direct and indirect values of genetic resources for resource-poor farmers are expressed in a range of options in the form of the crop varieties and species they use for managing changing environments.

The value of genetic diversity to resource-poor farmers is seldom captured by markets or addressed by the international research agenda. This paper presents lessons learned from our work over 5–10 years in the Asia and Pacific Ocean (APO) region on participatory crop improvement, home gardens and on-farm management of agricultural biodiversity. The lessons illustrate how farmers adapt genetic resources to suit local environmental conditions. The paper focuses on the value of genetic diversity of selected crop species to meet people's food and other needs. Genetic diversity valued by resource-poor farmers is often maintained, selected and exchanged by local social seed networks. Identification of such genetic resources and their custodians is important if international agricultural research is to contribute to the reduction of poverty. The paper highlights some good practices from case studies that illustrate how such genetic resources could be exploited by informal research and development strategies or participatory plant breeding or for marketing value-added products.     

太行山野猪不同杂交组合生长及屠宰性能测定

选择体重30kg左右的太行山野猪与长白猪、汉普夏、上海白猪的杂种猪分为9组,每组12只,公母各半,进行饲养试验,测定太行山野猪不同杂交组合的生长性能。饲养试验结束后,每组随机选择4头屠宰,进行屠宰性能测定。结论:①野猪血缘含量越高,生长性能越低。②长白猪与野猪的杂交组合比其他杂交组合有较好的生长性能。③野猪血缘含量越高,瘦肉率越高。④汉普夏猪与野猪的杂交组合比其他杂交组合有较好的屠宰性能。